Let's move on. There are lots of things to learn. :)
You don't have to learn anything from this yet. I just
want you to understand, what it means. Enjoy!
Introduction: What are the grammatical
cases?
Today's lesson is about grammatical cases. I can hear
you saying: "I don't need them, they'll understand me anyway." Yes,
we do understand but if you put some effort into learning them, it will pay
off.
If you speak Finnish, German, Sanskrit, or Latin (or any
other inflected language), you will probably find it easier to learn than those
who don't even know what "grammatical cases" actually mean.
For those who don't know what they are (yes, they,
there's a lot of them):
When
you say: "I drank a cup of tea," the subject "I"
is in its basic form (nominative case).
If
you say: "The cup of tea drank me," (ok, perhaps you
don't say this) the object "me" is declined.
English doesn't use the declension of nouns, pronouns,
numerals and adjectives (except for exceptions). The German language has
four cases and they are markedly easier than the Czech ones because you only
have genders as the deciding factor for the type of declension (der,
die, das [ein, eine, ein]).
To explain the system in the Czech language, I'll use
Latin as an example: When you learn a list of nouns, apart from the gender,
you have to memorize their suffixes in the genitive case, too. This
is the way to find out how to decline a word. But I'll provide you with some
tips to help you with recognizing it.
POI: Both Latin and Czech have 7 grammatical cases.
The Czech system of noun declension
As I mentioned before, the Czech language has seven
grammatical cases. Is it too many for you? Try learning Finnish. As you may
know, almost every noun (not all!) has a simple form
and a plural form. If you can multiply, you already know, that
we've got to the final number of suffixes a noun can have. It's fourteen.
Shall I tell you the total of all of the suffixes?
Sure, but if you get discouraged easily, don't read it. It should be 196 plus
some exceptions. You don't need to faint right now. Let me finish.
It's 56 for feminine, 56 for neutrum,
and as usual, men just have to complicate everything– so it's 84 for masculine.
Feminine gender has four paradigms of noun declension.
These are: žena (woman), růže (rose), píseň (song), and kost (bone),
(škola [school], ves [village]).
Neutrum– four paradigms: město (town),
moře (sea), kuře (chicken), and stavení (building).
Masculine– six paradigms: pán (sir,
lord), hrad (castle), muž (man), stroj (engine,
machine), předseda (chairman), soudce (judge), (kůň [horse],divák [spectator], zámek [lock,
chateau], otec [father]); they
are divided into two groups: animate (pán, muž, předseda,
soudce, host, kůň, otec) and inaminate (hrad,
stroj, zámek)– this makes no difference, as regards the noun
declension.
NOTE: The paradigms in brackets are declined the same
way as one of the regular paradigms but at least one of the suffixes is
different. (hrad– zámek, žena– škola, pán– host).
The seven cases
They have names that you don't have to learn, I'll
refer to them as the first, the second, the third, the fourth, the fifth, the
sixth, and the seventh case. But if you're the kind of a language geek I like,
you'll definitely find it useful.
1. Nominative
2. Genitive
3. Dative
4. Accusative
5. Vocative
6. Locative
7. Instrumental
How to figure out, which of the cases
should be used
Ta žena dostala růži.
(= That woman (has/had) received a rose.) As you can see, a subject of
a sentence is always in the first (nominative) case.
Who (has/had) received a rose? That woman. The object "růži" is in
the forth (accusative) case. Unfortunately,
there is no way of recognizing the case immediately. One thing you can say for
sure is that the object is never in the first (nominative) case (but of course, there's one exception).
The Czechs have a list of questions (and prepositions, in some cases) as a
"helping tool", but for you, it's useless because it doesn't tell you
much. When you start to think like Czechs, (congrats and) you can check it out.
The list is consisted of questions you ask about the object, e. g. "What did
(or has/had) that woman receive(-d)?"
1. Nominative– Kdo?
Co? (=Who? What?) (Asking about the object to find out, whether it's animate or inanimate.)
2. Genitive– Bez/z
koho/čeho? (=Without/out of/from whom/what?)
3. Dative– Komu?
Čemu? (=To whom/what? [Example: Give it to her.])
4. Accusative– Koho?
Co? (=Whom? What? [Example: Do it for me.])
5. Vocative– Oslovujeme,
voláme. (=We address, we call. This is a case for addressing. Ex.:
Man!)
6. Locative– O
kom/čem? (=About who/what?)
7. Instrumental– S
kým/čím? (=With who/what?)
For foreigners, there are lists of prepositions for
each case.
To
be continued...
Biz,
Ciray
