Happy new year, everyone!
I'm really sorry for that I haven't posted anything for almost dva měsíce! (=two months) My new year's resolution isn't to post every week (as many of you probably expected) because it would be too difficult to manage school and the blog + I'm going to make another one on French soon and my personal blog. Yes, the lattermost two are my new year's resolutions so I have this whole year to achieve my goals.
Anyway, I know that this (along with animals, colours, numbers, body parts, etc. vocabulary) is the most boring thing to learn in a new language. This is why I've waited so long to teach you this (and also the fact that I forgot I should make a lesson on this topic O:-).
Let's get started!
Days of the Week (Dny v týdnu)
pondělí (Monday) - v pondělí
úterý (Tuesday) - v úterý
středa (Wednesday) - ve středu
čtvrtek (Thursday) - ve čtvrtek
pátek (Friday) - v pátek
sobota (Saturday) - v sobotu
neděle (Sunday) - v neděli
There's nothing to explain about days of the week. Yet there's one thing you have to memorize: The first letters of the days of the week in Czech are
not capitalized!
Months of the Year (Měsíce v roce)
leden (January) - v lednu
únor (February) - v únoru
březen (March) - v březnu
duben (April) - v dubnu
květen (May) - v lednu
červen (June) - v červnu
červenec (July) - v červenci
srpen (August) - v srpnu
září (September) - v září
říjen (October) - v říjnu
listopad (November) - v listopadu
prosinec (December) - v prosinci
Again, do not capitalize the first letters! The months are masculine except for one– září which is neuter.
Seasons of the Year (Roční období [v roce])
jaro (spring) - na jaře
léto (summer) - v létě
podzim (fall/ autumn) - na podzim
zima (winter) - v zimě
Like in English, no capitalizing, please!
Parts of the Day (Části dne)
ráno (morning)
poledne (noon) (v poledne [=at noon])
odpoledne (afternoon)
večer (evening)
noc (night) (v noci [=at night])
půlnoc (midnight) (o půlnoci [=at midnight])
Ráno, odpoledne, večer are the basic words you definitely need to know. They are adverbs, therefore you don't need any prepositions to use them. For the rest, I added the prepositions right into the list.
Telling the Time (Určování času)
Kolik je hodin? Well, this sentence makes no sense at all, yet it's perfectly correct and it's the only way to say 'What's the time?' Sometimes Czechs shorten it to 'Kolik je?' (do not mistake for 'Kolik ti je' [=How old are you])
Let's learn how to answer this question. (Yes, showing the screen of your cell phone is easier but stillllll...)
The answer is similar to the English one: 'Je...' (=It's...).
Now you can choose:
Půl (half) +second case of an ordinal number
Usage: Půl páté (=a half of fifth) 4:30
Čtvrt (quarter) +na +fourth case of a number
Usage: Čtvrt na dvě (=a quarter on two) 1:15
Třičtvrtě (three quarters) +na +fourth case of a number
Usage: Třičtvrtě na osm (three quarters on eight) 7:45
You can only use these using numbers 1-12 even though you mean in the afternoon.
Remember, there's still the option of saying: 14:25 ('čtrnáct dvacet pět') or 'dvě hodiny a dvacet pět minut'.
Telling the Date (Určování data)
'Jaké je [dnes] datum?' (=What's the date [today]?)
'Kolikátého je?' (=What number (of the day) is it?) This one makes much less sense than the previous one but they both are used equally often. Advanced learners may know that the word 'kolikátého' indicates an ordinal number. Yes, we'll be answering this question with an ordinal number. Example: 'Šestnáctého března.' (=16th March). Also note that the number and the month are in the second case. As regards the number, you basically just take the neuter form, e. g. 'šesté', and add '-ho'.
Ordinal Numbers (Řadové číslovky)
první
druhý/á/é
třetí
čtvrtý/á/é
pátý/á/é
šestý/á/é
sedmý/á/é
osmý/á/é
devátý/á/é
desátý/á/é
jedenáctý/á/é
dvanáctý/á/é
třináctý/á/é
čtrnáctý/á/é
patnáctý/á/é
šestnáctý/á/é
sedmnáctý/á/é
osmnáctý/á/é
devatenáctý/á/é
dvacátý/á/é
dvacátý/á/é první
dvacátý/á/é druhý/á/é
dvacátý/á/é třetí
***
třicátý/á/é
čtyřicátý/á/é
padesátý/á/é
Prepositions (Předložky)
Prepositions ar really simple. In English, you have at for hours, on for days, in for months, centuries, years and seasons of the year. In Czech, you can pretty much get on with only one preposition. It's the magic word 'v' (or ve) (=in). This preposition connects with the third case, therefore the word it precedes will be in the third case. However, 'jaro' and 'podzim' are used with the preposition 'na' only (+ sixth case). Another exceptions are festivals when you have to use 'na' + fourth case (na Vánoce, na Velikonoce, na Nový rok, na Dušičky...).
Remember that you can't say 'v 2000'; you have to add 'roce' (the third case form of 'rok'). V roce dva tisíce šest (=in 2006).
And, finally, a phrase that means anything from just one minute to years: 'za chvíli' (=in a moment).
love & peace
Ciray